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Giacomo Matteotti

The Honourable Giacomo Matteotti
Matteoti (center)
Member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies
In office 1 December 1919 – 10 June 1924
Constituency	Ferrara & Rovigo
Personal details
Born	May 22, 1885 Fratta Polesine, near Rovigo, Italy
Died	June 10, 1924 Rome, Italy
Political party	Italian Socialist Party (1907–1922) United Socialist Party (1922–1924)
Spouse(s)	Velia Titta (m. 1916; d. 1924)
Children	Giancarlo
Alma mater	University of Bologna
Profession	Lawyer, journalist
Religion	None

Giacomo Matteotti (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdʒaːkomo matteˈɔtti]; 22 May 1885 – 10 June 1924) was an Italian socialist politician. On 30 May 1924, he openly spoke in the Italian Parliament alleging the Fascists committed fraud in the recently held elections, and denounced the violence they used to gain votes. Eleven days later he was kidnapped and killed by Fascists.

Political career

Matteotti was born a son of a wealthy family, in Fratta Polesine, Province of Rovigo in Veneto. He graduated in law at the University of Bologna.

An atheist^[1] and from early on an activist in the socialist movement and the Italian Socialist Party, he opposed Italy's entry into World War I (and was interned in Sicily during the conflict for this reason).

He was elected deputy three times: in 1919, 1921 and 1924.

As a follower of Filippo Turati, Matteotti became the leader of the United Socialist Party in the Italian Chamber of Deputies after the scission of the Socialist Party. He openly spoke out against Fascism and Benito Mussolini, and for a time was leader of the opposition to the National Fascist Party (PNF). From 1921 he denounced fascist violence in a pamphlet titled Inchiesta socialista sulle gesta dei fascisti in Italia (Socialist enquiry on the deeds of the fascists in Italy).

Murder

He was murdered on 10 June 1924, after the publication of his book The Fascisti Exposed: A Year of Fascist Domination, and two fierce and lengthy speeches in the Chamber of Deputies denouncing Fascism.^[2]

During a kidnap attempt, he was bundled into a car and stabbed several times with a carpenter's file as he was struggling to escape. His corpse was found near Riano, 23 Kilometers from Rome, on 16 August 1924, after an extensive search.

Five men (Amerigo Dumini – a prominent member of the Fascist secret police, the Ceka, Giuseppe Viola, Albino Volpi, Augusto Malacria and Amleto Poveromo) were arrested a few days after the kidnapping. Only three (Dumini, Volpi and Poveromo) were convicted and shortly after released under amnesty by King Victor Emmanuel III; one, Filippo Panzeri, escaped before the arrests of his accomplices.

Before the trial against the murderers, the High Court of the Senate started a trial against general Emilio De Bono, commander of the Fascist paramilitary groups Blackshirts (MVSN), but he was discharged.

After the Second World War, in 1947, the trial against Francesco Giunta, Cesare Rossi, Dumini, Viola, Poveromo, Malacria, Filippelli and Panzeri was re-opened. Dumini, Viola and Poveromo were sentenced to life imprisonment.

In none of these three trials was evidence found of Mussolini's involvement.^[3]