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Peter Henlein

Peter Henlein (also spelled Henle or Hele)^[1] (1485 - August 1542), a locksmith and clockmaker of Nuremberg, Germany, is often considered the inventor of the watch.^[2][3] He was one of the first craftsmen to make small ornamental Taschenuhren, portable clocks which were often worn as pendants or attached to clothing,^[4] regarded as the first watches. Many sources also erroneously credit him as the inventor of the mainspring.^[1][5][6][7]

Little is known about Henlein's life. He apparently apprenticed in his youth as a locksmith. At the time, locksmiths were among the few craftsmen with the skills and tools to enter the new field of clockmaking,^[8] and Henlein also became a clockmaker. On September 7, 1504, he was involved in a brawl in which a fellow locksmith, George Glaser, was killed. He sought asylum at a local Franciscan monastery, where he stayed for four years, until 1508. In 1509 he became a master in the city's locksmith guild.^[2] He became known as a maker of small portable ornamental spring-powered brass clocks, very rare and expensive,^[2] which were fashionable among the nobility of the time. These were sometimes worn as pendants or attached to clothing,^[9] and so may be considered the first watches, although at over 3 inches long^[4] they were bigger than the first true pocketwatches which appeared about a century later, and were not able to fit in pockets. He is mentioned in the city's records as the supplier of small spring-driven clocks, which were given as gifts to important people.^[2] He was supposedly the first craftsman to build clockworks into "Bisamköpfe", small containers fashioned from precious metals for fragrances or disinfectants.^[2] For example a Nuremberg paper records that in 1524 he was paid 15 florins for a gilt musk-ball watch.^[10] He also built a tower clock for Lichtenau castle in 1541, and was known as a maker of scientific instruments.^[2]

Henlein's fame is mostly due to a passage by Johann Cochläus in the 1511 Cosmographia by Pomponius Mela:^[1][2]

Peter Hele, still a young man, fashions works which even the most learned mathematicians admire. He shapes many-wheeled clocks out of small bits of iron, which run and chime the hours without weights for forty hours, whether carried at the breast or in a handbag

His reputation as the inventor of the watch came after his rise to popular consciousness in the 19th century, through a novel by Karl Spindler, Der Nürnberger Sophokles.^[2] This was made into a 1939 film, and his likeness appeared on a 1942 German stamp.^[2] However, although he was a notable and talented clockmaker, there were other clockmakers making small clocks at the time,^[3][8][10] and no contemporary source from his time credits him with inventing anything.^[2] The mainspring which made portable clocks possible, often attributed to him,^[1][5][6][7] actually appeared in the early 15th century, almost a century before his work.^[11][12] Perhaps the most that was said of him by his peers comes from Johann Neudorfer in 1547 shortly after his death:^[2]

This . . . Henlein was very nearly the first of those who invented how to put small clocks into little boxes.