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Charles III of Spain

Charles III
Portrait by Anton Raphael Mengs, c. 1761
King of Spain (more...)
Reign	10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788
Predecessor	Ferdinand VI
Successor	Charles IV
King of Naples and Sicily
Reign	15 May 1734 – 6 October 1759
Coronation	3 July 1735, Palermo Cathedral
Predecessor	Charles VI
Successor	Ferdinand IV & III
Duke of Parma and Piacenza
Reign	29 December 1731 – 3 October 1735
Predecessor	Antonio Farnese
Successor	Charles VI
Born	20 January 1716 Royal Alcazar of Madrid, Spain
Died	14 December 1788 (aged 72) Royal Palace of Madrid, Spain
Burial	El Escorial
Spouse	Maria Amalia of Saxony
Issue Detail	Infanta Maria Josefa Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria Charles IV of Spain Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Infante Gabriel Infante Antonio Pascual Infante Francisco Javier
House	House of Bourbon
Father	Philip V of Spain
Mother	Elisabeth Farnese
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Charles III (Spanish: Carlos; Italian: Carlo; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was the King of Spain and the Spanish Indies from 1759 to 1788. While he was the fifth son of Philip V of Spain, he was the eldest son of Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese.

In 1731, the 15-year-old Charles became the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, as Charles I, following the death of his childless granduncle Antonio Farnese. In 1734, as Duke of Parma, he conquered the kingdoms of Naples and of Sicily, and was crowned king on 3 July 1735, reigning as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily until 1759. In 1738 he married Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony, daughter of Polish king Augustus III and an educated, cultured woman who gave birth to 13 children, eight of whom reached adulthood. Charles and Maria Amalia resided in Naples for 19 years. Maria Amalia died in 1760.

Charles succeeded to the Spanish throne on 10 August 1759, after the death of his half-brother King Ferdinand VI of Spain who left no heirs. As a result Charles, a proponent of enlightened absolutism, abdicated the Neapolitan and Sicilian thrones on 6 October 1759 in favour of Ferdinand, his third surviving son, who became Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.

As King of Spain Charles III made far-reaching reforms such as promoting science and university research, facilitating trade and commerce, and modernising agriculture. He also tried to reduce the influence of the Church and avoided costly wars. His previous experience as King of Naples and Sicily proved valuable as King of Spain. He did not achieve complete control over the State's finances, and was sometimes obliged to borrow to meet expenses. Most of his reforms proved to be successful and his important legacy lives on to this day.^[1]

Historian Stanley Payne wrote that Charles III "was probably the most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers....[his] personal life had won the respect of the people."^[2]