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Wilhelm Pieck

Wilhelm Pieck
President of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
In office 11 October 1949 – 7 September 1960
Preceded by	None (office created)
Succeeded by	State Council of the German Democratic Republic (Effectively by Walter Ulbricht as its chairman)
Personal details
Born	Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck 3 January 1876 Guben, German Empire
Died	7 September 1960 (aged 84) East Berlin, East Germany
Nationality	German
Political party	SPD (1895–1918) KPD (1918–1946) SED (1946–1960)

Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck (German pronunciation: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈpiːk]; 3 January 1876 – 7 September 1960) was a German politician and Communist. In 1949, he became the first President of the German Democratic Republic, an office abolished upon his death.^[1] His successor as head of state was Walter Ulbricht, who served as chairman of the Council of State.

Biography

Pieck was born the son of a coachman in the eastern part of Guben, Germany,^[2] which is now Gubin, Poland. While he initially trained to become a carpenter, a combination of world events, determined ideology, and political ambition led Pieck to a life of political activism.

As a carpenter, in 1894 Pieck joined the wood-workers' federation, which steered him towards joining the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) the following year.^[2] Pieck became the chairman of the party urban district in 1899, and in 1906 became full-time secretary of the SPD. As Bremen Party secretary in 1916, Pieck had asked Anton Pannekoek to continue teaching socialist theory in the party school.^[3] Although the majority of the SPD supported the German government in World War I, Pieck was a member of the party's left wing, which opposed the war. Pieck's openness in doing so led to his arrest and detention in a military prison. After being released, Pieck briefly lived in exile in Amsterdam.^[2] Upon his return to Berlin in 1918, Pieck joined the newly founded Communist Party of Germany (KPD). On January 16, 1919 Pieck, along with Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht were arrested, Liebknecht and Luxemburg were then murdered while "being taken to prison" by a unit of Freikorps.^[4] While the two were being murdered, Pieck managed to escape. In 1922, he became a founding member of the International Red Aid, serving first on the executive committee. In May 1925, he became the chairman of the Rote Hilfe.^[2]

Following the Nazi Party's takeover in 1933, Pieck went into exile again, first in France, then in Moscow in 1935.^[2] In Moscow, Pieck served the Communist Party in a variety of capacities. From 1935 until 1943, he held the position of Secretary of the Communist International. In 1943 Pieck was among the founders of the National Committee for a Free Germany (NKFD). The NKFD planned for the future of Germany after World War II. At the conclusion of the war in 1945 Pieck returned to Germany with the victorious Red Army.^[5] A year later, he helped engineer the merger of the eastern branches of the KPD and SPD into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He was elected as the merged party's co-chairman, alongside former SPD leader Otto Grotewohl.

In 1949 Pieck was elected president of the GDR.^[2] He served as the only president of the GDR until his death in 1960.^[6] He lost the chairmanship of the SED in 1950, when Walter Ulbricht became the party's first secretary. Nonetheless, due to Joseph Stalin's trust in him, he retained his other posts.^[5]

Pieck lived at Majakowskiring 29, Pankow, East Berlin. His daughter Elly Winter (1898–1987) held various posts in the SED and East German government. His son Arthur Pieck (1899-1970) served as head of the East-German national airline Interflug from 1955-1965, after having held various administrative posts in East Germany, for instance at the German Economic Commission.